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Flow disposicional e o bem-estar espiritual em praticantes de actividades físicas de inspiração oriental
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Advisor(s)
Abstract(s)
O flow tem sido associado à espiritualidade na actividade física (e.g., Nesti, 2007). Mas
comprovação empírica destas relações é quase inexistente (Dillon & Tait, 2000).
O objectivo principal desta tese foi explorar e testar um modelo sobre as relações entre a
frequência de experiência de flow no exercício (Flow disposicional; FD) e o bem-estar
espiritual (BEE), averiguando em que medida estas relações variavam em função da natureza
do exercício praticado: exercício de movimento meditativo (EMM), artes marciais (AM) e
exercício habitual de ginásio (GIN). Após uma ampla revisão de literatura, onde se justifica a
relevância da temática, realizaram-se 4 estudos empíricos. No primeiro, exploraram-se as
representações do conceito de BEE através entrevistas exploratórias e semi-estruturadas a 11
professores especialistas Swásthya yôga (SY) e Tai Chi (TC). Os resultados da análise de
conteúdo, baseada no modelo conceptual de Fisher (1999), revelaram que estes especialistas
assentam maioritariamente a sua definição BEE na qualidade e profundidade das relações que
estabelecem consigo mesmos (dimensão pessoal - visão personalista). Relações com outros e
com a natureza são também importantes. Uma rejeição clara da religião ou da fé em Deus é
marcada no SY. Nestes mestres TC a relação com o transcendente realiza-se através da
ligação à natureza e fundamenta-se em princípios Taoistas e do Budismo Zen. Este estudo
confirmou a adequação conceptual deste modelo para avaliar o BEE em população de
praticantes de “actividades físicas de inspiração oriental” (AFO).
O segundo e terceiro estudos fizeram a adatação para a língua portuguesa do Spiritual Well-
Being Questionnaire (SWBQ; Gomez & Fisher, 2003) e da Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-
2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002). O SWBQ foi testado numa amostra de 439 adultos da população
geral. Análises Factoriais Confirmatórias (AFCs) revelaram índices aceitáveis de
ajustamento, quer para um modelo 4 factores correlacionados (1ª ordem) quer para um
modelo hierárquico, congruentes com os originais e boa consistência interna. Comprovou-se
também a invariância factorial em função sexo. A validade factorial e fiabilidade da versão
portuguesa da DFS-2 foi testada em 1437 praticantes de exercício. As AFCs revelaram
índices semelhantes de ajustamento para um modelo de 1ª e 2ª ordem. No entanto, a validade
do modelo hierárquico original, com o flow como factor de 2ª ordem, é questionável dada a
fraca contribuição de 2 dos 9 factores de flow (Alteração da noção de tempo e Perda de autoconsciência).
Sugere-se a utilização dum modelo hirárquico com 7 factores. Níveis
consistência interna foram adequados para todos factores.
No último estudo testou-se o modelo estrutural sobre as relações entre o FD e o BEE, em
1403 praticantes de exercício físico. Analisou-se a invariância em função do tipo de exercício.
Modelos de Equações Estruturais confirmaram que uma maior frequência de experiência de
flow no exercício prediz moderadamente o BEE e de forma mais fraca a percepção saúde.
Como esperado, a magnitude da relação com o BEE é maior no EMM e menor no GIN. A
percepção de competência (PC) e o gosto (P/G) pelo exercício têm também um efeito
significativo no modelo.
Discutem-se implicações teóricas e práticas dos resultados, limitações metodológicas e
apontam-se linhas de investigação futura.
ABSTRACT ----- The flow construct has been associated with spirituality in physical activity (e.g., Nesti, 2007). However empirical evidence of this relationship is almost nonexistent (Dillon & Tait, 2000). The main purpose of this thesis was to explore and test a structural model about the relationships between the frequency of the flow experience in physical exercise (Dispositional flow; DF) and spiritual well-being (SWB), as well as analyzing the invariance of the proposed model depending on the type of exercise practiced: meditative movement exercise (MME), martial arts (MA) and health-club exercise (EXE). To argue for problem relevance, a state of the art literature review was performed, followed by four empirical studies. The first study explored the SWB representations of 11 Swásthya Yoga (SY) and Tai Chi (TC) teachers. The exploratory and semi-structered interviews were content analized based on Fisher’s (1999) SWB model. These specialists based their SWB definitions on the quality and depth of their relationships with themselves (personal domain – personalist profile). Relationships with others and nature are also important. A clear rejection of religion and faith in God is particularly referred in SY. In TC the relation with the transcendent is carried out through the connection to nature and is based on Taoist and Zen Buddhism principles. This study confirmed the adequacy of this conceptual model to measure SWB in this kind of easternoriented physical activity participants. The adaptation and validation of the Portuguese versions of the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (SWBQ;Gomez & Fisher, 2003) and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002) was performed in the second and third studies. The SWBQ was tested in 439 adults of the general population. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) has confirmed both a four factor and a hierarchical model, congruents with the original versions and good internal consistency scores. Factorial invariance in men and women was also confirmed. The factorial validity and reliability of the DFS-2 Portuguese version was tested in 1437 exercise participants. The CFA revealed adjustment indices similar for both a first and second-order models. However, given Time transformation and Loss of self-consciousness scales small contribution to the remaining structure of flow, the validity of the 2nd order model is questionable and it recommends the use of a hierarchical model with only 7 factors. Internal consistency estimates were adequate for all factors. The last study explored and tested a structural model of DF and SWB relationships in 1403 exercise participants. The model’s invariance in the three exercise modalities (MME, MA, EXE) was also tested. Structural Equation Model results confirm that, a more frequent experience of flow in exercise moderately predicts SWB and in a weaker way a global health perception. As expected, the magnitude of this relationship with SWB is higher in MME and lower in EXE participants. Perceived competence (PC) and enjoyment for exercise (E) have also a significant effect on the model. The theoretical and practical implications of these results and its methodological limitations are discussed. Future research directions are pointed out.
ABSTRACT ----- The flow construct has been associated with spirituality in physical activity (e.g., Nesti, 2007). However empirical evidence of this relationship is almost nonexistent (Dillon & Tait, 2000). The main purpose of this thesis was to explore and test a structural model about the relationships between the frequency of the flow experience in physical exercise (Dispositional flow; DF) and spiritual well-being (SWB), as well as analyzing the invariance of the proposed model depending on the type of exercise practiced: meditative movement exercise (MME), martial arts (MA) and health-club exercise (EXE). To argue for problem relevance, a state of the art literature review was performed, followed by four empirical studies. The first study explored the SWB representations of 11 Swásthya Yoga (SY) and Tai Chi (TC) teachers. The exploratory and semi-structered interviews were content analized based on Fisher’s (1999) SWB model. These specialists based their SWB definitions on the quality and depth of their relationships with themselves (personal domain – personalist profile). Relationships with others and nature are also important. A clear rejection of religion and faith in God is particularly referred in SY. In TC the relation with the transcendent is carried out through the connection to nature and is based on Taoist and Zen Buddhism principles. This study confirmed the adequacy of this conceptual model to measure SWB in this kind of easternoriented physical activity participants. The adaptation and validation of the Portuguese versions of the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (SWBQ;Gomez & Fisher, 2003) and the Dispositional Flow Scale-2 (DFS-2; Jackson & Eklund, 2002) was performed in the second and third studies. The SWBQ was tested in 439 adults of the general population. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) has confirmed both a four factor and a hierarchical model, congruents with the original versions and good internal consistency scores. Factorial invariance in men and women was also confirmed. The factorial validity and reliability of the DFS-2 Portuguese version was tested in 1437 exercise participants. The CFA revealed adjustment indices similar for both a first and second-order models. However, given Time transformation and Loss of self-consciousness scales small contribution to the remaining structure of flow, the validity of the 2nd order model is questionable and it recommends the use of a hierarchical model with only 7 factors. Internal consistency estimates were adequate for all factors. The last study explored and tested a structural model of DF and SWB relationships in 1403 exercise participants. The model’s invariance in the three exercise modalities (MME, MA, EXE) was also tested. Structural Equation Model results confirm that, a more frequent experience of flow in exercise moderately predicts SWB and in a weaker way a global health perception. As expected, the magnitude of this relationship with SWB is higher in MME and lower in EXE participants. Perceived competence (PC) and enjoyment for exercise (E) have also a significant effect on the model. The theoretical and practical implications of these results and its methodological limitations are discussed. Future research directions are pointed out.
Description
Tese de Doutoramento em Psicologia Aplicada (Psicologia da Saúde) apresentada ao ISPA - Instituto Universitário
Keywords
Psicologia da saúde Health psychology